Saturday, April 3, 2010

Get Free Wallpapers On www.myheartbuzz.com











Hi friends its all my own designs, If you want more wallpapers and its all free wallpapers like below u get 1000 of wallpapers collection on www.myheartbuzz.com .its my own web site. all wallpaper are heigh resolution.
Here You get Free Wallpapers Like :
Birthday, Comady, Diwali Wishes, Eid wish, Get well Soon ,Happy New Year, Just Married, love,Merry Christmas ,Miss You, Sad , World /Social Moto etc.
Its Totaly Free For All Social Networks.
Hope u Like it

Thursday, April 1, 2010

GRE - Graduate Record Examination

GRE - Graduate Record ExaminationThe Graduate Record Examination, which is abbreviated as

GRE, can be defined as a standardized test, which includes the admission requirement for the graduate schools in the United States principally, and some other English speaking countries. The GRE - Graduate Record Examination has been created as well as is being administered by the Educational Testing Service (popular as ETS). This exam primarily focuses on testing the abstract thinking skills of the students. The areas that are covered include vocabulary, math and analytical writing.

GRE Exam

The GRE - Graduate Record Examination is a computer-based exam. The test is conducted by the select qualified testing centers in different parts of the world. However, those places (like Juneau, Alaska etc.) which still lack the proper technological requirements, are allowed paper-based exams.
During the process of graduate school admissions, the emphasis level upon the GRE scores varies between schools. It can also vary between the several departments within the same school. If the GRE score is nothing more than a mere formality in some of the schools, there are many schools where this score is regarded the most important selection factor.

GRE Criticism:

Critics have often argued that the GRE system of admission is too rigid as it only emphasizes on the factor that how well a student fares in a standardized test taking procedure. The ETS responded to this and introduced changes since the November of 2007.

GRE Pattern:

The GRE - Graduate Record Examination comprises 2 separate tests. These include the General Test and the Subject Test in psychology.
The General Test is divided into three parts:
Verbal
Quantitative
Analytical writing
The scores of verbal and the quantitative tests each are between 200-800. A scale of 0 - 6 is used to keep the scores of the analytical writing test which are incremented by ½-point. The Subject Test checks the student's knowledge in psychological concepts required for graduate study, which also has a score between 200-800.
For admission to graduate school, the scores on the verbal and quantitative sections (excluding the Subject Test), matter the most. For admission to doctoral programs, it is important to score at least 550 on each test. Master's programs are comparatively less competitive, so, scoring between 450-500 on each of the tests can be considered just fine. A score above 450 is expected for entry in any of the colleges.
Registration is compulsory for taking the GRE. There are separate testing sites in each state. For the General test, you should register well ahead of time to get your choice of dates for the test. For the Subject Test, you will need to register in an advance of at least six weeks.
Online registration can be done. Registration by mail is also another way. You need to fill up the registration form in the GRE Information and Registration Bulletin. The registration bulletin can be obtained from GRE- Online or by writing to: GRE, CN 6000, Princeton, NJ 08541-6000. Master's programs are comparatively less competitive, so, scoring between 450-500 on each of the tests can be considered just fine. A score above 450 is expected for entry in any of the colleges.
Registration is compulsory for taking the GRE. There are separate testing sites in each state. For the General test, you should register well ahead of time to get your choice of dates for the test. For the Subject Test, you will need to register in an advance of at least six weeks.
Online registration can be done. Registration by mail is also another way. You need to fill up the registration form in the GRE Information and Registration Bulletin. The registration bulletin can be obtained from GRE- Online or by writing to: GRE, CN 6000, Princeton, NJ 08541-6000.

GRE Preparation:

To ensure a higher grade in GRE, it is very important to prepare yourself thoroughly.
Get hold of review books and plan a systematic method of study, which will help you in brushing your skills in areas of vocabulary, analogies, reading comprehension, geometry and algebra.
Cramming is no way to crack a GRE - Graduate Record Examination, all you need is time. It is advisable to start your preparation much before your registration.
Planning the General Test in November is a wise decision, which will ensure your scores will be available well on time to meet any deadline during the admissions. Again, if you lose out, on the first trial, you will have sufficient time to re-take the test in December.

Open Universities in India

Open University in India-

Indira Gandhi National Open University
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University
Karnataka State Open University
Nalanda Open University
Netaji Subhas Open University
Kota Open University
Vardhman mahaveer open university
U.p. Rajarshi tandon open university
Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Open University
Tamil Nadu Open University
Yashwant Rao Chavan Open University
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University, Ahmedabad
Pt. Sunderlal Sharma OpenUniversity, Chhattisgarh
Uttaranchal open university
K. K. Handique state university

Animation Scholarships in India

The animation market in India is rapidly expanding leading to the development of many institutes offering animation courses in the country. There are a number of institutes that have animation scholarships program to encourage talented individuals to hone their skills and contribute to the creative world of animation and design. In some colleges and universities in India and abroad, animation students can apply for research opportunity grants to help sponsor their thesis work. Students with financial needs may also be given Student Fellowships for travel to the various national conferences and seminars on film and animation. At present there are quite a few institutes in India offering animation scholarships in order to develop and encourage young and bright talent to make it big in this burgeoning industry.


AnimationCertificate Courses in AnimationSuper Specilization CourseGame ProgrammingGame DesignGame ArtB.Sc Design for VisualizationB.Sc Multimedia Production & TechnologyB.A Design for VisualizationB.Sc Design EcologiesB.A Design EcologiesB.Sc MultimediaBachelor of Fine ArtsBSc Digital Arts and TechnologyHND in Interactive MediaOther

Institutes offering Animation Scholarships

Students can apply for Animation Scholarships in a number of institutes in India. Among the top animation institutions, Arena Animation has started the Kala Srishti Scholarships program. This is a special scholarship program offered at all the Arena centers in Kolkata, Bardhaman, Siliguri, Patna, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Bhubaneswar, Guwahati and Shillong. Arena is a global leader in Animation education and offers industry related Animation & Multimedia courses to students who aspire for careers in this industry. The primary objective of Kala Srishti scholarships by Arena is to provide opportunities to meritorious students who are eager to pursue a career in animation.

The UD School of Animation, Hyderabad is another institute in India that offers Animation Scholarships for meritorious students. This institute offers a general scholarship program that covers 2D, 3D, VFX courses only. The other scholarship program offered by UD School of Animation, Hyderabad is DiiA (Diversity in Indian Animators). This is a program aimed to encourage and support more women to pursue animation and gaming as serious career options.

Another leading animation institute that has announced an animation scholarship program is Maya Academy of Advanced Cinematics (MAAC). This is the academic division of Maya Entertainment Limited (MEL). The scholarship program by MAAC is known as “Creative Reward Scholarship 2008”. It is aimed to assist meritorious students to pursue animation studies. Creative Reward Scholarship is an annual award given to students on the basis of a creativity test and an interview.

With the animation industry offering great career prospects, many institutes are now coming forward to encourage talented individuals to pursue courses in animation and related subjects by offering scholarships.

The History of Social Networking

Introduction

Long before it became the commercialized mass information and entertainment juggernaut it is today, long before it was accessible to the general public, and certainly many years before Al Gore claimed he "took the initiative in creating" it, the Internet – and its predecessors – were a focal point for social interactivity. Granted, computer networking was initially envisioned in the heyday of The Beatles as a military-centric command and control scheme. But as it expanded beyond just a privileged few hubs and nodes, so too did the idea that connected computers might also make a great forum for discussing mutual topics of interest, and perhaps even meeting or renewing acquaintances with other humans. In the 1970s, that process began in earnest.

Mullets may have reigned supreme in the late ‘70s and early ‘80s, but – as many will surely recall – computers were a far rarer commodity. The machines’ language was bewildering, and their potential seemingly limited. What’s more, this whole sitting-in-front-of-a-keyboard thing was so… isolationistic. Put all this together and you have a medium where only the most ardent enthusiasts and techno-babbling hobbyists dared tread. It was, in effect, a breeding ground for pocket-protector-wearing societal rejects, or nerds. And boring, reclusive nerds at that. Yet it also was during this time, and with a parade of purportedly antisocial geeks at the helm, that the very gregarious notion of social networking would take its first steps towards becoming the omnipresent cultural phenomenon we know and love in 2009.


BBS, AOL and CompuServe: The Infant Years

It started with the BBS. Short for Bulletin Board System, these online meeting places were effectively independently-produced hunks of code that allowed users to communicate with a central system where they could download files or games (many times including pirated software) and post messages to other users. Accessed over telephone lines via a modem, BBSes were often run by hobbyists who carefully nurtured the social aspects and interest-specific nature of their projects – which, more often than not in those early days of computers, was technology-related. Moreover, long distance calling rates usually applied for out-of-towners, so many Bulletin Boards were locals-only affairs that in turn spurred local in-person gatherings. And voila, just like that, suddenly the antisocial had become social.

The BBS was no joke. Though the technology of the time restricted the flexibility of these systems, and the end-user’s experience, to text-only exchanges of data that crawled along at glacial speed, BBSes continued to gain popularity throughout the ‘80s and well into the ‘90s, when the Internet truly kicked into gear. Indeed, some services – such as Tom Jennings’ FidoNet – linked numerous BBSes together into worldwide computer networks that managed to survive the Internet revolution.

But there were also other avenues for social interaction long before the Internet exploded onto the mainstream consciousness. One such option was CompuServe, a service that began life in the 1970s as a business-oriented mainframe computer communication solution, but expanded into the public domain in the late 1980s.

CompuServe allowed members to share files and access news and events. But it also offered something few had ever experienced – true interaction. Not only could you send a message to your friend via a newfangled technology dubbed "e-mail" (granted, the concept of e-mail wasn’t exactly newfangled at the time, though widespread public access to it was). You could also join any of CompuServe’s thousands of discussion forums to yap with thousands of other members on virtually any important subject of the day. Those forums proved tremendously popular and paved the way for the modern iterations we know today.

But if there is a true precursor to today’s social networking sites, it was likely spawned under the AOL (America Online) umbrella. In many ways, and for many people, AOL was the Internet before the Internet, and its member-created communities (complete with searchable "Member Profiles," in which users would list pertinent details about themselves), were arguably the service’s most fascinating, forward-thinking feature.

Yet there was no stopping the real Internet, and by the mid-1990s it was moving full bore. Yahoo had just set up shop, Amazon had just begun selling books, and the race to get a PC in every household was on. And, by 1995, the site that may have been the first to fulfill the modern definition of social networking was born.


The Internet Boom: Social Networking’s Adolescence

Though differing from many current social networking sites in that it asks not "Who can I connect with?" but rather, "Who can I connect with that was once a schoolmate of mine?" Classmates.com proved almost immediately that the idea of a virtual reunion was a good one. Early users could not create profiles, but they could locate long-lost grade school chums, menacing school bullies and maybe even that prom date they just couldn’t forget. It was a hit almost immediately, and even today the service boasts some 40 million registered accounts.

That same level of success can’t be said for SixDegrees.com. Sporting a name based on the theory somehow associated with actor Kevin Bacon that no person is separated by more than six degrees from another, the site sprung up in 1997 and was one of the very first to allow its users to create profiles, invite friends, organize groups, and surf other user profiles. Its founders worked the six degrees angle hard by encouraging members to bring more people into the fold. Unfortunately, this "encouragement" ultimately became a bit too pushy for many, and the site slowly de-evolved into a loose association of computer users and numerous complaints of spam-filled membership drives. SixDegrees.com folded completely just after the turn of the millennium.

Other sites of the era opted solely for niche, demographic-driven markets. One was AsianAvenue.com, founded in 1997. A product of Community Connect Inc., which itself was founded just one year prior in the New York apartment of former investment banker and future Community Connect CEO Ben Sun, AsianAvenue.com was followed in 1999 by BlackPlanet.com, and in 2000 by the Hispanic-oriented MiGente.com. All three have survived to this very day, with BlackPlanet.com in particular enjoying tremendous success throughout its run. Indeed, according to current parent company Radio One, which acquired Community Connect and its sites in April of 2008, BlackPlanet.com presently attracts in excess of three million unique visitors every month.

Friendster, LinkedIn, MySpace and Facebook: The Biz Grows Up

In 2002, social networking hit really its stride with the launch of Friendster. Friendster used a degree of separation concept similar to that of the now-defunct SixDegrees.com, refined it into a routine dubbed the "Circle of Friends" (wherein the pathways connecting two people are displayed), and promoted the idea that a rich online community can exist only between people who truly have common bonds. And it ensured there were plenty of ways to discover those bonds.

An interface that shared many of the same traits one would find at an online dating site certainly didn’t seem to hurt. (CEO Jonathan Abrams actually refers to his creation as a dating site that isn’t about dating.) And, just a year after its launch, Friendster boasted more than three million registered users and a ton of investment interest. Though the service has since seen more than its fair share of technical difficulties, questionable management decisions, and a resulting drop in its North American fortunes, it remains a force in Asia and, curiously, a near-necessity in the Philippines.



Introduced just a year later in 2003, LinkedIn took a decidedly more serious, sober approach to the social networking phenomenon. Rather than being a mere playground for former classmates, teenagers, and cyberspace Don Juans, LinkedIn was, and still is, a networking resource for businesspeople who want to connect with other professionals. In fact, LinkedIn contacts are referred to as "connections." Today, LinkedIn boasts more than 30 million members.

More than tripling that number, according to recent estimates, is MySpace, also launched in 2003. Though it no longer resides upon the social networking throne in many English-speaking countries – that honor now belongs to Facebook in places like Canada and the UK – MySpace remains the perennial favorite in the USA. It does so by tempting the key young adult demographic with music, music videos, and a funky, feature-filled environment. It looked and felt hipper than major competitor Friendster right from the start, and it conducted a campaign of sorts in the early days to show alienated Friendster users just what they were missing.

It is, however, the ubiquitous Facebook that now leads the global social networking pack. Founded, like many social networking sites, by university students who initially peddled their product to other university students, Facebook launched in 2004 as a Harvard-only exercise and remained a campus-oriented site for two full years before finally opening to the general public in 2006. Yet even by that time, Facebook was seriously big business, with tens of millions of dollars already invested, and Silicon Valley bigwigs such as billionaire PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel firmly behind it.

The secret of Facebook’s success (it now currently boasts in excess of 150 million users) is a subject of some debate. Some point to its ease of use, others to its multitude of easily-accessed features, and still others to a far simpler factor – its memorable, descriptive name. A highly targeted advertising model certainly hasn’t hurt, nor did financial injections, such as the $60 million from noted Hong Kong tycoon Li Ka-shing in 2007. Regardless, there’s agreement on one thing – Facebook promotes both honesty and openness. It seems people really enjoy being themselves, and throwing that openness out there for all to see.


The Future of Social Networks

But what of the future of social networking? Is it a temporary phenomenon that will crumble under the test of time, or is the concept rife with unlimited potential? The answer likely stands somewhere in-between. The economic downturn certainly won’t help any new sites get off the ground, and eventually some of us may get a bit jaded about the whole thing. Are we really networking in a social sense, or are we just hiding behind our keyboards and building lists of virtual friends rather than getting out there in the real world?

Look at Twitter. Essentially a micro-blogging "What are you doing at the moment?" site where users keep contacts informed of everyday events through bite-size morsels they post from their computer or handheld device, the service got off to a very good start when launched in 2006. Its continued popularity notwithstanding, Twitter has nevertheless come under some criticism for taking the "staying in touch" thing too far. Do we really need to know when someone we’ve never even met chooses Burger King over McDonald’s or decides he’s going to read a newspaper? Are we really that interested in the excruciating minutiae of everyone’s day?

Twitter semi-clone Jaiku, despite a promising debut in 2006 and a Google buyout the following year, has already U-turned in the wrong direction with the January 2009 announcement that Google is cutting support for the service. Is the end of Jaiku far behind? Will others follow suit? How heavily will the current economic crisis and the decreasing ad revenue it generates negatively impact social networking goliaths such as Facebook, MySpace, and LinkedIn? Only time will tell. Still, one thing’s for certain – for the present at least, going forward, we’ll all be certain to read about the field’s continuing development one status update at a time.

A Quick History Of The Floppy Disk

Even though there is a lot to be said about floppy drives, these forms of data storage are mostly mentioned in a historical capacity. While you can do a data backup to a floppy disk (assuming your computer even has a floppy drive) it is definitely not recommended. There are many other methods of backing up your information that are far more reliable and offer far higher capacities.

The floppy disk was the first truly portable form of information storage for computers. Sure, you could move tape drives around at risk of severely damaging the tape, and you could move punch cards from computer to computer, but both of these storage options were unwieldy. When they were invented, floppy disks could store up to 1.44MB of data.

As you can probably tell already, 1.44MB of storage space is nothing in the world of today where most of the files you will be saving are several or even several hundred megabytes in size.

The floppy disk was invented by Dr. Nakamats, who apparently did most of his thinking at the bottom of his swimming pool. The floppy disk drive was just one of the many things that he invented while sitting on the bottom of his pool. Almost as soon as it was invented, the floppy disk made punch cards obsolete - they were just so portable, reliable, and easy to use.

The first floppy disks were invented in the 1960's by IBM. The disks were 8" across and were used during the 1970's on the computers of that time. However, it was the smaller floppy disk drives that were commonly used in people's homes.

There were two sizes of these commonly used floppy disks, the 5.25" and the 3.5" floppy. If you did not have a computer during the early 1990's or 1980's, then you probably only know of the 3.5" floppy. These typically came in sizes between 720KB and 2.8 MB - though the 1.44MB floppy disk was by far the most common size.

The 5.25" floppy was the older version and was a bit floppier than the 3.5" version. These could only hold between 100KB and 1.2MB of data.

Most computers do not come with floppy disk drives anymore. The reason for this is that they are no longer in wide use, and most of the important information that was on computers that only had floppy disks for data storage has since been moved onto newer computers or storage media.

You may still need floppy disks if you need to communicate with older technology. Some lab computers at certain schools are so old that they need floppy disks to retrieve data from and store data to.

If you need a disk drive and do not already have one on your computer, you can purchase an external drive at most computer stores. Hurry, though! This type of data storage is so out of date that it is likely that these external drives will not be available for much longer. These drives can be connected to your computer through USB or alternatively with a parallel port.

Unless the computer that you are using is too old to have USB connections, you should not be using a floppy disk to bring information to and from school or work anyway. Instead, you can just use a USB flash memory drive, which is much smaller and harder to damage.

Do not try to back up your computer on floppy disks! The number of disks that you will need will quickly make this into a time consuming and expensive task!

Wednesday, March 31, 2010

HISTORY OF THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD





Ancient marvels

Antipater, a Greek author living in the Phoenician port of Sidon, lists in one of his poems the most remarkable creations of mankind. They are seven in number: the pyramids of Egypt; the hanging gardens of Babylon; the walls of Babylon; the statue of Zeus at Olympia; the temple of Artemis at Ephesus; the mausoleum of Halicarnassus; the colossus of Rhodes.

His list is the basis of the Seven Wonders of the World, much repeated ever since. Posterity makes one change. It seems a waste for Babylon to have two of the wonders. By about the 8th century AD the walls of Babylon have dropped out, to be replaced by the lighthouse of Alexandria.

The pyramids: c.2500 BC

The three pyramids at Giza, a few miles southwest of Cairo, are by far the earliest of Antipater's seven wonders. The largest of the pyramids, built as the tomb of the pharaoh Khufu (known to the Greeks as Cheops), dates from about 2500 BC. No building in the subsequent 4500 years of history has matched this pyramid for sheer bulk. Nearby, and only slightly smaller, are the pyramids created for Khufu's son and grandson, Khafre and Menkure.

The next in date, among the Seven Wonders, follows after a very long gap of two millennia. It is the hanging gardens of Babylon.


The hanging gardens of Babylon: c.580 BC

No archaeological trace has been found of the hanging gardens, but tradition assigns them to the reign of Nebuchadnezzar in the last years of Babylon's greatness. One story says that he built them to console a wife, homesick in this flat region for the landscape of her childhood, the mountainous country of the Medes. They are 'hanging' gardens in the sense that the plants appear to float in the air, growing on different levels of artificial terraces irrigated from the Euphrates.

The other five wonders are all connected with Greek civilization. They include the most sacred statue of the entire Greek cult, the image of Zeus at Olympia.


The statue of Zeus at Olympia: c.430 BC

The statue of Zeus is the centrepiece of the god's temple at Olympia. About seven times lifesize, it shows him seated on a throne. In one hand he holds the winged figure which to the Greeks symbolizes victory; in the other is a sceptre surmounted by an eagle. The surface of the statue is gold and ivory. In the eyes of the ancient world this is the masterpiece of the great sculptor Phidias, surpassing even his earlier statue of Athena (also of gold and ivory) for the Parthenon in Athens.

The discovery of the workshop of Phidias at Olympia has enabled archaeologists to date the statue of Zeus to the years around 430 BC. Both the temple and the statue are destroyed in the 5th century AD.


The temple of Diana at Ephesus: c.550 BC

The fourth and fifth wonders of the world are in western Turkey. The temple of Artemis (or Diana) at Ephesus is built in about 550 BC by a man whose name has become a byword for wealth - Croesus, king of Lydia. In keeping with his image, the temple is outstandingly large. But it also contains a famous and unusual statue of Artemis.

This Artemis is not the virgin huntress of Greek myth. She is a local fertility goddess, festooned with swathes of pendulous objects variously interpreted as breasts, eggs or even, it has been argued, testicles (the chief priest of Ephesus is always a eunuch). The temple of Artemis is destroyed by Goths in AD 262.


The mausoleum at Halicarnassus: c.350 BC

Halicarnassus in southwest Turkey (the modern Bodrum) is selected as a new capital in the 4th century BC by the ruler of a small kingdom, Caria. The king is Mausolus, who dies in about 353 BC. His spectacular tomb, built for him by his widow Artemisia (she is also his sister), has given the world a new word, 'mausoleum'. It is adorned with sculptures, including a frieze of the battle between the Greeks and the female Amazons.

The temple stands until the 12th century AD, when it is damaged by an earthquake and later plundered for building materials. Many fragments of the sculptures are in the British Museum.


The colossus of Rhodes: 292 BC

A giant bronze statue of Helios the sun god, known subsequently as the colossus of Rhodes, is put up to celebrate the city's survival of a long siege in 305-4 BC. Reinforced with iron and about 30 metres high, it takes some twelve years (292-280 BC) to build and erect beside the harbour. The image of the colossus straddling the harbour entrance is a medieval invention.

Before the end of the 3rd century BC an earthquake snaps the statue off at the knees. It lies, a humbled giant, until AD 653 when the Arabs capture the island. They break it up for scrap and require, it is said, more than 900 camels to cart it away.

The pharos at Alexandria: c.280 BC

The sun god Helios features also in the last of the seven wonders. This is the lighthouse put up on the island of Pharos at Alexandria (as a result pharos becomes the Greek word for any lighthouse). It consists of a three-tier stone tower, said to be more than 120 metres high, which has within it a broad spiral ramp leading up to a platform where fires burn at night. They are reflected out to sea by metal mirrors. Above the fires is a huge statue, of either Alexander or Ptolemy in the guise of Helios.

The lighthouse survives until the 12th century. In the 15th century a fort, still standing today, is built from its ruins.